Module 2. EXPERIENCES

Present perfect simple (Affirmative – negative)

Affirmative

I/You have tried snails

He/She/It has had an accident

We/You/They have flown in a plane

Negative

I/You haven’t tried shrimp

He/She/It hasn’t played well

We/You/They haven’t ridden a camel

Form: have/has + past participle

We use the present perfect for:

·         Actions which started in the past and continue to the present

·         Life experiences(time isn’t started)

·         Actions that happened in the past and we can see their results in the present.

Present perfect simple (questions & short answers)

Questions

Have I/you/we/they ever played tennis?

Has he/she/it left?

Short answers

Yes, I/you/we/they have

No, I/you/we/they haven’t

Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn’t

We use ever in questions

Present perfect: already, yet, since, for

• ·             We use already in affirmative sentences to say that something happened sooner than expected

         She has already packed her suitcase

•    We use yet in negative sentence or questions to show that we expect something to happen

         She hasn’t arrived yet. Has he called yet?

      ·         We use since to say when something began

         

         I’ve lived here since 2005

     ·         We use for to say how long something has lasted

         

          He’s had this bike for two years now

Present perfect vs simple past

·        

•       We use the present perfect for:

                     o   Actions that started in the past and continue to the prese                 

                        I have trained for the marathon for a year

                       He’s worked here since 2008

                     o   Personal experiences

                       I have been to the Eiffel tower

•                We use simple past for actions that were completed in the past at a specific or implied time.

              Andrew bought a car last week. Then he drove it home.

Like/As

Like= similar to He’s an athlete, like his father

Such as= like some sports, such as sky diving, are dangerous

As = in the same way Do it as I’ve shown you

Compare: He works as a teacher (NOT: like a teacher) (He’s a teacher)
He works like a slave (NOT: as a slave) (He isn’t a slave, but he works very hard)

Exclamations

Exclamations express anger, surprise, fear, etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).

• ·         What + a (n) + (adjective) + singular countable noun What a nice umbrella!
• ·         What + (adjective) + uncountable/ plural noun What bad weather!
• ·         How + adjective/adverb How tall she is! How fast she runs!

MODULE 1: Imaginary situations

WOULD

Afirmative: I´d (I would) organize a clean up day.
Negative: I wouldn´t throw garbage on the streets.
Question: What would you do to make it abetter place?

CONDITIONAL TYPE 2

Form
    if-clause           main clause
if + simple past >would/could/might + bare infinitive

If we recycled more, there would be less garbage.

Use: To talk about imaginary situations in the present/future and their results.


CONDITIONAL TYPE 2 (ADVICE)

We use If I were you... when we want to give advice.

If I were you, I would/I wouldn´t + bare infinitive

If I were you, I´d tell him the truth.
If I were you, I wouldn´t spend all my money on clothes.

Note: We can use were in all persons.
If I was/were you , I´d help her. 

CONDITIONAL TYPE 1/2

• If you work hard, you will have a better chance og getting good grades.
• If I were you, I´d quit  the school team and join a local team instead.

SO/SUCH

• so + adjective/adverb

He´s so tired that he can´t go out.
He speaks so quickly that I don´t understand what he says.

• such a/an (adjective) + singular countable noun

It was such a long journey that we all fell asleep.

• such + (adjective) + uncountable noun/plural countable noun

It was such a hot weather that we decided to go to the beach.
They were such friendly people that I really like them.